Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom

 After the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom (founded by Hasan Gangu Bahmani - a general of Delhi Sultanate in 1347 - Tughlaq rule) in the 16th century, several successor states emerged in the Deccan region of South India. These successor states included:

1.      1. The Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur: Founded by Yusuf Adil Shah, a former Bahmani general, this state was based in Bijapur and lasted from 1490 to 1686. It was known for its architectural marvels such as the Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Rauza, and the Jumma Masjid.
2.      The Qutb Shahi Sultanate of Golconda: Founded by Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, a former governor of Telangana under the Bahmanis, this state was based in Golconda and lasted from 1518 to 1687. It was known for its diamond mines, rich cultural heritage, and monuments such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, and the Golconda Fort.
3.      The Barid Shahi Sultanate of Bidar: Founded by Amir Barid, a former Bahmani governor of Bidar, this state was based in Bidar and lasted from 1492 to 1619. It was known for its fine architecture and patronage of the arts, especially music.
4.      The Nizam Shahi Sultanate of Ahmednagar: Founded by Malik Ahmed Nizam Shah, a former Bahmani governor of Junnar, this state was based in Ahmednagar and lasted from 1490 to 1636. It was known for its military strength and resistance against the Mughal Empire.
5.      The Berar Sultanate: Founded by Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk, a former Bahmani governor of Berar, this state was based in Ellichpur and lasted from 1490 to 1574. It was known for its strategic location and military power.

These successor states continued the legacy of the Bahmani Kingdom in terms of their cultural diversity, architecture, and political structures, but also had their own unique characteristics and contributions to the history of the Deccan region.

Main Thinkers of Shad Darshanas

 The Shad Darshanas, also known as the Six Schools of Indian Philosophy, are the traditional classification of the different philosophical schools that emerged in ancient India. Each of these schools offers a distinct perspective on the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate goal of human existence.

Here are the main thinkers associated with each of the six schools:

1. Samkhya: The Samkhya school was founded by Sage Kapila. Its main exponent is Ishvara Krishna.
2. Yoga: The Yoga school was founded by Sage Patanjali. Its main exponent is Vyasa.
3. Nyaya: The Nyaya school was founded by Sage Gautama. Its main exponent is Udayana.
4. Vaisheshika: The Vaisheshika school was founded by Sage Kanada. Its main exponent is Prashastapada.
5. Mimamsa: The Mimamsa school was founded by Sage Jaimini. Its main exponent is Shabara.
6. Vedanta: The Vedanta school has three major sub-schools, each with its own set of thinkers:

• Advaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Advaita Vedanta is Adi Shankaracharya.
• Vishishtadvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is Ramanuja.
• Dvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Dvaita Vedanta is Madhvacharya.

 

 Bostan

The author of Bostan (The Orchard) is the Persian poet and mystic Saadi Shirazi. Saadi was born in Shiraz, Iran, in the 13th century and is considered one of the greatest poets in Persian literature. Bostan is a collection of poems and stories that cover a wide range of topics, including moral and ethical issues, social commentary, and political satire. The book is written in a simple and straightforward style and is often used as a teaching tool for children and young adults in Iran and other Persian-speaking countries. Saadi's other famous work is Gulistan (The Rose Garden), which is also a collection of poems and stories that provide moral guidance and wisdom.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Side Reference

Sher Shah Suri, as Farid Khan, had studied Dabistan and Bostan at Jaunpur. His mastery of these two books made him eligible to seek employment with Bengal Administration. 

__________________________________________________________________________

Source

Generated with the help of ChatGPT and additional note based on the reading of the blogger.

____________________________________________________________________________

Catalogue of books written by Sumir Sharma on Amazon 

 Catalogue of books written by Sumir Sharma on Google Playbooks

YouTube Channel of Sumir Sharma

Dabistan

 Dabistan

The author of Dabistan, also spelt as Dabestan or Dabirul Mulk Dabestani, is Muhammad ibn Mohsin ibn Abdullah al-Jurjani. Dabistan is a Persian book written in the 17th century, which provides an account of the religious and philosophical beliefs of various religious and cultural groups in India and Iran during the Safavid dynasty. The book covers a wide range of topics, including Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and provides insights into the religious and cultural diversity of the region during that period.

____________________________________________________________________________

Added Side Talk

Sher Shah Suri, as Farid Khan, had studied Dabistan and Bostan at Jaunpur. His mastery over these two books made him eligible to seek employment with Bengal Administration. 

_________________________________________________________________________________

Source:

Generated with the help of ChatGPT

B. A. HISTORY: Fill Bodh Gaya in the outline map of India

B. A. HISTORY: Fill Bodh Gaya in the outline map of India:   The YouTube video contains instructions to mark Bodh Gaya in the outline map of India. A model short note on Bodh Gaya is given in the lat...

History of Constitution of India: Charter Acts and Company Rule in India 1773-1858

---

---

The book is written by Sumir Sharma to fulfil the requirements of the students of the Post Graduate course in History of Punjab University. It meets the need of the Paper HIS 213: Constitutional Development in Modern India 1773 – 1947 Unit I and Paper HIS 211: Modern India Political Process, Unit III.

The content of the book is also relevant to the students of Indian Polity and Indian Constitution pursuing the course of Post Graduate in Political Science. It is also suitable for the students of Law course.

The content of the book is equally relevant to General Studies Main paper II. The content provides material for the first section which reads, “Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution …”

The book is also relevant for undergraduate classes honours course.

It has eight chapters and two Appendix. They are as follows.

Chapter 1: The Brief History of the East India Company.

Chapter 2: The Regulating Act, 1773

Chapter 3: Pitt’s India Act, 1784

Chapter 4: Charter Act, 1793

Chapter 5: Charter Act, 1813

Chapter 6: Charter Act, 1833

Chapter 7: Charter Act, 1853

Chapter 8: Act of Better Government of India 1858

There are two Appendix. In Appendix I, there is an essay on the sources which are used for writing the contents of this book. In Appendix II, the suggestions are provided to make the book more interactive.

The book is developed as a textbook. It is written in a narrative style. On every topic, the content is written in point format. For the point format, it is meant that every paragraph explains its main heading. The paragraph is given a title or a number. It helps in writing the answers in the examination. The purpose is that the readers and the students can quickly develop an answer to any question on the topics explained in the book.

The book explains the Charter Acts as the historical background of the History of the Constitution of India. It is evident that my next volume will be on the legislation during the Crown rule in India. I will soon publish the relevant next volume. I am presently working on that volume.

To make this book interactive, I am going to reproduce some of part of this book on my blog at undergraduatehistory.blogspot.in. I will attend to their queries related to the content of the book. I am ready to provide pdf copies of individual chapters to any reader free of cost who may require it for printing purpose. The relevant instructions are given in Appendix II.

I will also write the Hindi version of this volume and release it in June 2018. The free download of that book will also be made available for five days. Keep in touch. To remain updated, subscribe to this blog. Check for subscription in the sidebar.

जैसा की ऊपर कहा गया है, इस पुस्तक का हिंदी रूपांतर अब उपलब्ध है | उस पुस्तक की कड़ी लेख के आरम्भ में दिखाई दे रही है | 

---

Eight types of Marriage as per Manusmriti

As per Manusmriti, there are eight forms of marriage:

1. Brahma Vivah

2. Prajapatya Vivah

3. Daiva Vivah

4. Arasha Vivah

5. Asur Vivah

6. Gandharva  Vivah

7. Rakhshash Vivah

8. Paishacha Vivah

---

---

Sources: Yet to be provided

Note from the editor: The above information is confined to narrating the fact. However, for any further elaboration, the original authorities are required to be quoted. The information as available on the internet may be used but use discretion and selection. A casual attitude towards these issues ends with dissatisfaction and ignominy.

---

Golundauze

---

---

(pending: In Henry Lawrence articles on how to improve military administration in India, he had discussed the training of Golundauze along with the Native artillery regiments. The articles by the author were contributed to the Calcutta Review. However no exact definition is presently given here.)

---

---

Gomastahs

---

---

Gomastahs were the agents of the East India company. As the agent of the East India company, they moved around inner side of the country and procure the goods which the East India Company then exported to London. In company records and the writings of the British officers on the history of the East of India, they are generally referred as native agents. The term was generally used in Bengal Presidency or the Calcutta government as the Bengal Presidency is referred to in the accounts of the British Officer history. Such agents were authorized after 1757 to undertake monetary transactions and commitments. They enjoyed protection of the Calcutta government as it gradually acquired political power in Bengal Suba. As a result, the native agents overlooked the authority of the officers of the Bengal government or the native government as the British records would like to account in their published works. It is a view among historians, that the later days Indian capitalists were at one time gomastahs which had provided them opportunity to earn private wealth while working for the company government. Raja Ram Mohan Roy had also acted as a gomastah if that interpretation is to be adopted. It was in that capacity, that he earned wealth.

---

---

Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence KCB

---

---

---

---

Bheel Corps

---

---

Bheeln(Bhil) Corps was raised by James Outram. It was raised in 1827 in Khandesh. It was a part of a policy of Governor Elphinstone.

---

---

Special Note: The nationalist historians make too much efforts to declare invader an invader. There are many such actions undertaken by invaders which could be a lesson for present to find solution to many problems. Alas, Indian Historiography lacks too much. There are strong biases, constraints and pressures which are hampering in its growth.

---

---

Battle of Swally 1612

---

---

Battle of Swally:
It was fought between Portuguese and English in 1612.

The Portuguese did not like the establishment of the factory at Surat. They invaded it. Captain Best, who established the factory defeated them.

Surat remained the seat of the British activity in India upto 1686.

---

---

Source:
Raikes, Charles, "The Englishman of India", 1867, London

---

---

Further Reference:
Wikipedia Article on Battle of Swally

---

---

Sir James Lancaster

---

---

Sir James Lancaster: He was the first commander of the first fleet sent by the East India company to India. It consisted of four big ships and one small boat. The names of the ships and boat were The Dragon, The Hector, The Swan, The Ascension and The Guest.

The fleet under the command of Sir James Lancaster was manned by 480 seamen.

It sailed for India on April 22, 1601.

---

---

Raikes, Charles, "The Englishman of India", 1867, London.

---

---

Further References:
Wikipedia Note on Sir James Lancaster (Click to Access)

---

---

George Earl of Cumberland

---

---

George of Earl of Cumberland: He was the person received the first charter of East India Company on December 31, 1600. It was given along with him to 215 knights, aldermen and merchants. The charter was given for fifteen years.

---

---

Raikes, Charles, "The Englishman of India", 1867, London

---

---

Thomas Stevens

---

---

Thomas Stevens: Thomas Stevens was the first Englishman to round the Cape of Good Hope and reached India. He was member of Jesuit mission to Goa. He traveled in a Portuguese ship. He was a native of Wiltshire. He studied in New College, Oxford. He was in India in 1579.

---

---

Source: Raikes, Charles, "The Englishman in India", 1867, London.

---

---

Dwarkanath Tagore

                                                 Dwarkanath Tagore was the founder of illustrious Tagore (Thakur) family of Bengal in India. He was an entrepreneur who dominated the business world of Bengal in 1830s and 1840s in a short span of his life of 53 years. He was born in 1794 and died in 1846. He is credited with introduction of steam engine technology and modern corporate forms in India. He had business interests in coal mining, tea gardens, insurance companies, banking, joint stock companies, silk, indigo, newspapers, landed estates and ocean going ships. In his corporate vision he sought interracial cooperation in business. He also dreamed of an industrialized India to attain a status of equal partner in British commonwealth of nations. The other illustrious sons of this family after him were Debendranath and Rabindranath (Guruji). His decedents now live in Berlin. 

---

---

Photograph Source: UNESCO as accessed on February 13, 2011

---

---

Information Source: Blair B Kling: Partner in Empire.

---

---

Nij Cultivation

Nij Cultivation

It was also called zerat cultivation. It was a land settlement between the planters and ryots wherein the ryots were bound to a bond to undertake a cultivation for a particular crop. The issue of indigo crops became a major incidence in Bihar and Bengal region.

It is researched based observation that this system of contract was preferred by the English Planters of indigo. They leased the land from the zamindars and then executed the Nij or zerat cultivation with the crop producers or ryots. The nij contracts were adopted after indigo revolts. Before the indigo revolt (1858) raiyati system was practiced. The nij cultivation declined in Bengal after the indigo revolt and continued in Bihar where it had spread at a later stage.

The leases acquired by the English planters from the Big Zamindars were in form of Thika tenure ( temporary lease) or mukrari tenure (premanent lease).

---

---

Reference:

(based on the quotation and references from Plantations, proletarians and peasants in colonial Asia. pp.178, Edited by E. Valentine Daniel, Henry Bernstein, Tom Brass, Routledge, London, 1992. ISBN 0-7146-3467-0.

---

---

Saptanaga

Saptanga:

Saptanga means seven elements of State, a theory of state as given by Kautilya and Valluvar. The seven elements are Swami, Amatya, Janapada, Durga, Kosa, Danda and Mitra.

---

---

Reference: R. S. Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institution in Ancient India, pp. 31, Chapter III.

---

---

Sultan Nizam Shah

---

---

Sultan Nizam Shah was the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar. His actual name was Malik Ahmad. He was governor of Junar under Bahmani Kingdom. He established his independent rule in 1490 and founded Nizam Shahi dynasty.

Ahmednagar Kingdom was one of the five independent kingdoms which came up after the end of Bahmani Kingdom.

The other four dynasties were Adil Shahi dynasty at Bijapur, Imadshahi dyansty of Berar, Qutubshahi dynasty of Golkonda and Barid Shahi dynasty at Bidar.

---

---

Digital Source

---

---

Edit report

---

---

Remarks

---

---

Authority referred

---

---

Kingdom of Ahmadnagar
Cultural Archaeology of Ahmadnagar During Nizam Shai Period, 1494-1632

Memoirs of Chand Bibi,: The princess of Ahmadnagar (Nawab Lutf un-Dawlah Memorial Series)

---

---

Yusuf Adil Shah

---

---

Yusuf Adil Shah was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur. He was a Turkish Noble. The Adil Shahi dynasty was founded by him in 1489.

Bijapur was one of the five dynasties which replaced the Bahmani Kingdom.

The other four dynasties were Nizam Shahi dynasty at Ahmadnagar, Imadshahi dyansty of Berar, Qutubshahi dynasty of Golkonda and Barid Shahi dynasty at Bidar.

---

---

Digital Source:

---

---

Authority Referred

---

---

Edit Report

---

---

Remarks

---

---

HISTORY OF THE RISE OF THE MUHAMMADAN POWER IN INDIA. Volume Two: History of the Dekhan. Part One: Bahmani Kingdom of Kulbarga
The Bahmani kingdom (Short studies in Indian history)

---

---

Pabna Unrest

---

---

Pabna Unrest:
Pabna Unrest was an agrarian unrest. It started in 1873 and continued upto 1885. It was directed against the oppressive zamindars. The peasants adopted the methodology of resisting the payment of revenue which was over and above the legal limits. The Bengal leaders like Bankim Chandra Chatterjea, R. C. Dutt and Surendranath Banerjea, the young Bengalis who were forming an all India ideology of counter the imperialistic rule of Britain, supported it. The time period of 70s and 80s suggests that the Indians had started evolving an ideology against the oppressive rule. However, in the Pabna Unrest, there was no indication of direct opposition to the British rule. It was not an anti-British war cry. They had rather projected that they supported Her Majesty government.

---

---

---

---

Agrarian Unrest in Karnataka
Agrarian Unrest and Socio-Economic Change in Bihar 1900-1980
Agrarian Unrest in North India: United Provinces, 1918-22
Agrarian unrest in Patna: An investigation into recent repression
Agrarian unrest, peasant struggles, and social change: A study of Telangana in A.P
Peasants and princes: Agrarian unrest in the East Punjab states, 1920-48
Political unrest in Orissa in the 19th century: Anti-British, anti-feudal and agrarian risings (Orissan studies project)

---

---

Bishnu Biswas

---

---

Bishnu Biswas: Govindpur Village, Nadia District, Bengal Province, Indigo Revolt 1859-60

---

---

---

---

The Santhals
Santhal Women: A Social Profile
Ethnobotany of Santhal Pargana
The Santhals in Historical & Social Perspectives
History of Jharkhand: Birsa Munda, History of Ranchi District, Santhal Rebellion, Rajmahal, Ramgarh Raj, Chasnala Mining Disaster

---

---

Digambar Biswas

---

---

Digambar Biswas: Govindpur Villagae, Nadia District, Bengal Province, Indigo Revolt 1859-1860. He with his brother Bisnu Biswas started a social boycott movement against the Indigo Planters. They adopted the policy of resistance through legal and political mobilization movement when the nationalist intellectuals were yet to define their role in national movement. The movement started just when the British government had suppressed the Uprising of 1857.

---

---

The Insurrection of Little Selves: The Crisis of Secular-Nationalism in India
The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India

---

---

Hem Chandra Kar

---

---

Hem Chandra Kar, Deputy Magistrate, Indigo Revolt 1859-60

---

---

Indigo Revolt 1859-1860

---

---

Indigo Revolt 1859-60: Peasant Uprising in post 1857 period.
The main leaders were Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas. It started from Nadia district. The peasants Biswass Brothers of village Govinderpur in Nadia District of erstwhile Bengal province started it. It is being evaluated by historians to have influenced the nationalist intellectuals who were growing in the perception of anti-colonial rule and germinating the national movement. It had just started after the first war of independence or the Uprising of 1857.

The main methodology of protest was social boycott. No doubt, there were incidences of violent attacks which were rather provoked by the Planters.

---

---

---

---

---

---

Kanhu Murmu

---

---

Kanhu Murmu: Santhal Revolt: 1855 to 1866. He was brother of Sido Murmu. They jointly motivated 60000 Santhals against the British Rule whom they called Dihku. Dikhu in their dialect meant the outsider. It were some Dikhus who even helped them like the milk man, black smiths etc. They targeted the British establishment.

---

---

History of Jharkhand: Birsa Munda, History of Ranchi District, Santhal Rebellion, Rajmahal, Ramgarh Raj, Chasnala Mining Disaster
Tribes of West Bengal: Santhal, Santals, Oraon, Rabha, Munda People, Toto Tribe, Lepcha People, Bhutia, Santhal Rebellion, Bhumij

---

---

Sido Murmu

---

---

Sido Murmu: Santhal Revolt of 1855 to 1866. He was brother of Kanhu Murmu. They jointly mobilized 60000 Santhals who fought desperately with bow and arrows. It is recorded in the British annals that Rajmahal Hills were drenched red with the blood of Santhals. They fought to push out the Dikhu and bring back independence under the direction of Thakur (God). Their uprising was called hool in their dialect.

---

---

Tribes of West Bengal: Santhal, Santals, Oraon, Rabha, Munda People, Toto Tribe, Lepcha People, Bhutia, Santhal Rebellion, Bhumij
Santhal Women: A Social Profile

---

---

Santhal hool

---

---

Santhal hool is translated as Santhal uprising. Santhals are a tribe of Rajmahal hills between Bhagalpur and Rajmahal (falls now in present Jharkhan state of India). It was headed by Sido Murmu (Santhal) and Kanhu Murmu (Santhal). They were able to motivate 60,000 Santhals from nearly 400 villages to stand against the oppressive activities of British officers and their associates in form of zamindars and moneylenders. The uprising took place in 1855 and was suppressed only by 1866. A major massacre took place during this suppression. An officer of Major General was deputed to crush their uprising. According to British officers, the major carnage resulted because of brute and reckless activities of Santhals. Report of Calcutta Review had called them meek and yielding tribe.

---

---

Digital Source: Official Website of Jharkhan State

---

---

Authority Referred: Bipin Chandra and five authors: India's Struggle for Freedom

---

---

Remarks

---

---

Edit Report

---

---

Chandra Bipin : India'S Struggle for Independence
The Epic Struggle
Nationality and Empire. A running study of some current Indian problems
The Epic Struggle

---

---

Gadkaris Revolt

---

---

Gadkaris Revolt was a civil uprising which took place in 1844 in Maharashtra. It was participated by peasants against the British revenue policy adopted after subduing the Peshwas.

---

---

Digital Source

---

---

Remarks

---

---

Authority Referred

---

---

Edit Report

---

---

---

---

Ram Ganesh Gadkari (Makers of Indian literature)

---

---