Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom

 After the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom (founded by Hasan Gangu Bahmani - a general of Delhi Sultanate in 1347 - Tughlaq rule) in the 16th century, several successor states emerged in the Deccan region of South India. These successor states included:

1.      1. The Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur: Founded by Yusuf Adil Shah, a former Bahmani general, this state was based in Bijapur and lasted from 1490 to 1686. It was known for its architectural marvels such as the Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Rauza, and the Jumma Masjid.
2.      The Qutb Shahi Sultanate of Golconda: Founded by Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, a former governor of Telangana under the Bahmanis, this state was based in Golconda and lasted from 1518 to 1687. It was known for its diamond mines, rich cultural heritage, and monuments such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, and the Golconda Fort.
3.      The Barid Shahi Sultanate of Bidar: Founded by Amir Barid, a former Bahmani governor of Bidar, this state was based in Bidar and lasted from 1492 to 1619. It was known for its fine architecture and patronage of the arts, especially music.
4.      The Nizam Shahi Sultanate of Ahmednagar: Founded by Malik Ahmed Nizam Shah, a former Bahmani governor of Junnar, this state was based in Ahmednagar and lasted from 1490 to 1636. It was known for its military strength and resistance against the Mughal Empire.
5.      The Berar Sultanate: Founded by Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk, a former Bahmani governor of Berar, this state was based in Ellichpur and lasted from 1490 to 1574. It was known for its strategic location and military power.

These successor states continued the legacy of the Bahmani Kingdom in terms of their cultural diversity, architecture, and political structures, but also had their own unique characteristics and contributions to the history of the Deccan region.

Nij Cultivation

Nij Cultivation

It was also called zerat cultivation. It was a land settlement between the planters and ryots wherein the ryots were bound to a bond to undertake a cultivation for a particular crop. The issue of indigo crops became a major incidence in Bihar and Bengal region.

It is researched based observation that this system of contract was preferred by the English Planters of indigo. They leased the land from the zamindars and then executed the Nij or zerat cultivation with the crop producers or ryots. The nij contracts were adopted after indigo revolts. Before the indigo revolt (1858) raiyati system was practiced. The nij cultivation declined in Bengal after the indigo revolt and continued in Bihar where it had spread at a later stage.

The leases acquired by the English planters from the Big Zamindars were in form of Thika tenure ( temporary lease) or mukrari tenure (premanent lease).

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Reference:

(based on the quotation and references from Plantations, proletarians and peasants in colonial Asia. pp.178, Edited by E. Valentine Daniel, Henry Bernstein, Tom Brass, Routledge, London, 1992. ISBN 0-7146-3467-0.

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Sultan Nizam Shah

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Sultan Nizam Shah was the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar. His actual name was Malik Ahmad. He was governor of Junar under Bahmani Kingdom. He established his independent rule in 1490 and founded Nizam Shahi dynasty.

Ahmednagar Kingdom was one of the five independent kingdoms which came up after the end of Bahmani Kingdom.

The other four dynasties were Adil Shahi dynasty at Bijapur, Imadshahi dyansty of Berar, Qutubshahi dynasty of Golkonda and Barid Shahi dynasty at Bidar.

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Kingdom of Ahmadnagar
Cultural Archaeology of Ahmadnagar During Nizam Shai Period, 1494-1632

Memoirs of Chand Bibi,: The princess of Ahmadnagar (Nawab Lutf un-Dawlah Memorial Series)

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Yusuf Adil Shah

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Yusuf Adil Shah was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur. He was a Turkish Noble. The Adil Shahi dynasty was founded by him in 1489.

Bijapur was one of the five dynasties which replaced the Bahmani Kingdom.

The other four dynasties were Nizam Shahi dynasty at Ahmadnagar, Imadshahi dyansty of Berar, Qutubshahi dynasty of Golkonda and Barid Shahi dynasty at Bidar.

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HISTORY OF THE RISE OF THE MUHAMMADAN POWER IN INDIA. Volume Two: History of the Dekhan. Part One: Bahmani Kingdom of Kulbarga
The Bahmani kingdom (Short studies in Indian history)

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Nitivakyaamrita

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Nitivakyaamrita
Nitivakyaamrita is book on political thought and life of ancient period of Indian History. It was written by Somadeva Suri, a Jain writer in the 10th century A. D.

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Nitivakyamrtam: Somadevuni nitisutralu
Yasastilaka and Indian culture: Or, Somadeva's Yasastilaka and aspects of Jainism and Indian thought and culture in the tenth century (Jivaraja Jaina granthamala)

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Nitisara

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Nitisara:
Nitisara is a book about political thought and life during ancient period of India. It was written by Kamandaka during the Gupta period.

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Tabaqat i Nasiri

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Tabaqat i Nasiri was written by Minhaj us Siraj Juzjani. It is the history of Islam in twenty three volumes. The history of Muslim rule in India starting from the description of Ghazni royal dynasties upto Balban and Sultan Nassiruddin and early days of Balban as a sultan is given in dedicated volumes. It contains details about Mongol invaders and their nature. It is written following the craft of history.

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Tabaqat-i Nasiri, ya, tarikh-i Iran va Islam
The History of India As Told By Its Own Historians - The Muhammadan Period - 2 Volumes Consisting of the Ghaznivide, Ghore and Slave Dynasties of 'Ifi, Nizami, Asir, Baizawi & Juwaini and the Ghaznivide, Ghore and Tabakat-i Nasiri of Minhaju-s Siraj

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Tajul Ma' thsir

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Taj ul Ma' athir was written by Tajud Din Hasan Nizami, an official of the court of Qutbuddin Aibek. The author wrote this work on the order of the Sultan Aibek. The significance of this work is that it begins with the Battle of Tarain event. It means, that among Arabic and Persian source, it is the first narrative of history which starts with the beginning of Muslims rule in India. The author has used a mixture of Arabic and Persian language which imparts it a different character. It remained most sought after book during the major period of Muslim period because of the interesting contents and presentation. It describes about many social and cultural aspects of contemporary time. For example, it narrates the feature of a mirror, the game of chess and champad and then numerous fruits which were popular then. The book covered the period of Muslim rule in India from 1191 to 1217. It has not discussed must about Central Asian political events.

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Taj ul ma'athir =: Crown of glorious deeds

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Puranas List

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There are eighteen Puranas.

The List of eighteen Puranas is as follows:

1. Brahma Purana

2. Padma Purana

3. Vaishnava Purana

4. Saiva or Vayavya Purana

5. Bhagavata Purana

6. Naradiya Purana

7. Markandeva Purana

8. Agneya Purana

9. Bhavisya or Bhavisyat Purana

10. Brahmavaivarta Purana

11. Lainga Purana

12. Varana Purana

13. Skanda Purana

14. Vamana Purana

15. Kaurma Purana

16. Matsya Purana

17. Garuda Purana

18. Brahmanda Purana
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Every Purana has five sections of topics. They are
Sarga
Prati Sarga
Vamsha
Manvantra
Vanshacharita

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Digital Sources:For brief summaries of all the Puranas by H. H. Wilson, a known Orientalist of early nineteenth century Check Vishnu Purana complete and also the complete text of Garuda Purana translated by Earnest Wood and S. V. Subrahmanyam.

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Authority Referred: R. C. Majumdar, Vidya Dhar Mahajan, R. P. Tripathi.

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Khub Nigar Khanum

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Khub Nigar Khanum: Khub Nigar Khanum was daughter Yunus Khan, a Great Khan of Mongols and descendent of Chengiz Khan. She was married to Umar Sheikh Mirza and mother of Babur.

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