Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom

 After the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom (founded by Hasan Gangu Bahmani - a general of Delhi Sultanate in 1347 - Tughlaq rule) in the 16th century, several successor states emerged in the Deccan region of South India. These successor states included:

1.      1. The Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur: Founded by Yusuf Adil Shah, a former Bahmani general, this state was based in Bijapur and lasted from 1490 to 1686. It was known for its architectural marvels such as the Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Rauza, and the Jumma Masjid.
2.      The Qutb Shahi Sultanate of Golconda: Founded by Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, a former governor of Telangana under the Bahmanis, this state was based in Golconda and lasted from 1518 to 1687. It was known for its diamond mines, rich cultural heritage, and monuments such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, and the Golconda Fort.
3.      The Barid Shahi Sultanate of Bidar: Founded by Amir Barid, a former Bahmani governor of Bidar, this state was based in Bidar and lasted from 1492 to 1619. It was known for its fine architecture and patronage of the arts, especially music.
4.      The Nizam Shahi Sultanate of Ahmednagar: Founded by Malik Ahmed Nizam Shah, a former Bahmani governor of Junnar, this state was based in Ahmednagar and lasted from 1490 to 1636. It was known for its military strength and resistance against the Mughal Empire.
5.      The Berar Sultanate: Founded by Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk, a former Bahmani governor of Berar, this state was based in Ellichpur and lasted from 1490 to 1574. It was known for its strategic location and military power.

These successor states continued the legacy of the Bahmani Kingdom in terms of their cultural diversity, architecture, and political structures, but also had their own unique characteristics and contributions to the history of the Deccan region.

Main Thinkers of Shad Darshanas

 The Shad Darshanas, also known as the Six Schools of Indian Philosophy, are the traditional classification of the different philosophical schools that emerged in ancient India. Each of these schools offers a distinct perspective on the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate goal of human existence.

Here are the main thinkers associated with each of the six schools:

1. Samkhya: The Samkhya school was founded by Sage Kapila. Its main exponent is Ishvara Krishna.
2. Yoga: The Yoga school was founded by Sage Patanjali. Its main exponent is Vyasa.
3. Nyaya: The Nyaya school was founded by Sage Gautama. Its main exponent is Udayana.
4. Vaisheshika: The Vaisheshika school was founded by Sage Kanada. Its main exponent is Prashastapada.
5. Mimamsa: The Mimamsa school was founded by Sage Jaimini. Its main exponent is Shabara.
6. Vedanta: The Vedanta school has three major sub-schools, each with its own set of thinkers:

• Advaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Advaita Vedanta is Adi Shankaracharya.
• Vishishtadvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is Ramanuja.
• Dvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Dvaita Vedanta is Madhvacharya.

 

Golundauze

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(pending: In Henry Lawrence articles on how to improve military administration in India, he had discussed the training of Golundauze along with the Native artillery regiments. The articles by the author were contributed to the Calcutta Review. However no exact definition is presently given here.)

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Gomastahs

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Gomastahs were the agents of the East India company. As the agent of the East India company, they moved around inner side of the country and procure the goods which the East India Company then exported to London. In company records and the writings of the British officers on the history of the East of India, they are generally referred as native agents. The term was generally used in Bengal Presidency or the Calcutta government as the Bengal Presidency is referred to in the accounts of the British Officer history. Such agents were authorized after 1757 to undertake monetary transactions and commitments. They enjoyed protection of the Calcutta government as it gradually acquired political power in Bengal Suba. As a result, the native agents overlooked the authority of the officers of the Bengal government or the native government as the British records would like to account in their published works. It is a view among historians, that the later days Indian capitalists were at one time gomastahs which had provided them opportunity to earn private wealth while working for the company government. Raja Ram Mohan Roy had also acted as a gomastah if that interpretation is to be adopted. It was in that capacity, that he earned wealth.

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George Earl of Cumberland

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George of Earl of Cumberland: He was the person received the first charter of East India Company on December 31, 1600. It was given along with him to 215 knights, aldermen and merchants. The charter was given for fifteen years.

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Raikes, Charles, "The Englishman of India", 1867, London

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Sultan Nizam Shah

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Sultan Nizam Shah was the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar. His actual name was Malik Ahmad. He was governor of Junar under Bahmani Kingdom. He established his independent rule in 1490 and founded Nizam Shahi dynasty.

Ahmednagar Kingdom was one of the five independent kingdoms which came up after the end of Bahmani Kingdom.

The other four dynasties were Adil Shahi dynasty at Bijapur, Imadshahi dyansty of Berar, Qutubshahi dynasty of Golkonda and Barid Shahi dynasty at Bidar.

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Authority referred

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Kingdom of Ahmadnagar
Cultural Archaeology of Ahmadnagar During Nizam Shai Period, 1494-1632

Memoirs of Chand Bibi,: The princess of Ahmadnagar (Nawab Lutf un-Dawlah Memorial Series)

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Yusuf Adil Shah

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Yusuf Adil Shah was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur. He was a Turkish Noble. The Adil Shahi dynasty was founded by him in 1489.

Bijapur was one of the five dynasties which replaced the Bahmani Kingdom.

The other four dynasties were Nizam Shahi dynasty at Ahmadnagar, Imadshahi dyansty of Berar, Qutubshahi dynasty of Golkonda and Barid Shahi dynasty at Bidar.

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HISTORY OF THE RISE OF THE MUHAMMADAN POWER IN INDIA. Volume Two: History of the Dekhan. Part One: Bahmani Kingdom of Kulbarga
The Bahmani kingdom (Short studies in Indian history)

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Gadkaris Revolt

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Gadkaris Revolt was a civil uprising which took place in 1844 in Maharashtra. It was participated by peasants against the British revenue policy adopted after subduing the Peshwas.

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Ram Ganesh Gadkari (Makers of Indian literature)

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Satri

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Satri: Satree

Satri was a special cadre of spies found mentioned in Arthshastra. The term is generally translated as a class mate or a colleague.

The members of this cadre were trained since their childhood for the purpose of spying. they were mainly orphans recruited for the job. they moved around as saints or astrologers - the two classes of people in whom the people confide the hidden secrets.

Special Note:
Arthshastra has mentioned nine types of spies among whom Satri is one of them. The others are Kaptaik Chhatra - fraudulent disciple, Udasthitha - a recluse, Grihapatik - a householder, Tikshna - a fire brand, Rasada - a prisoner, Vaidekhaka - a merchant, Tapasa - an ascetic practising austerities and a mendicant women.

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Puranas List

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There are eighteen Puranas.

The List of eighteen Puranas is as follows:

1. Brahma Purana

2. Padma Purana

3. Vaishnava Purana

4. Saiva or Vayavya Purana

5. Bhagavata Purana

6. Naradiya Purana

7. Markandeva Purana

8. Agneya Purana

9. Bhavisya or Bhavisyat Purana

10. Brahmavaivarta Purana

11. Lainga Purana

12. Varana Purana

13. Skanda Purana

14. Vamana Purana

15. Kaurma Purana

16. Matsya Purana

17. Garuda Purana

18. Brahmanda Purana
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Every Purana has five sections of topics. They are
Sarga
Prati Sarga
Vamsha
Manvantra
Vanshacharita

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Digital Sources:For brief summaries of all the Puranas by H. H. Wilson, a known Orientalist of early nineteenth century Check Vishnu Purana complete and also the complete text of Garuda Purana translated by Earnest Wood and S. V. Subrahmanyam.

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Authority Referred: R. C. Majumdar, Vidya Dhar Mahajan, R. P. Tripathi.

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