Tathagata

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Tathagata: Tathaa::Gataa

Tathagata means 'He who has thus attained'. This is one of the title of Mahatama Buddha.

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Digital Source:

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Authority Referred: The definition "he ---" is verbatim reproduction of the A. L. Basham.

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Remarks: Pending for further substantiating material and elaboration.

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Edit Report

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barq-andaaz

barq-andaaz 'barq-andaaz' - musketeers - barq = lightning; andaakhtan - to throw. Sumit Guha Rutgers University.

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Sarkar

Sarkar:
Sarkar was a territorial division of a Suba or province. A Sarkar was further divided into territorial divisions for the administrative purpose which were called Mahals or Parganas. The Mahals or Parganas consisted of villages which were measured and entered as Chaks.

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Source: Sarkar, Jadu Nath: Mughal Administration.
Irfan Habib: The Agrarian System of Mughal Indian 1556-1707.

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Sarkar - Circar:
Sarkar usually meant 'government'; also used to refer to anyone who was deemed to represent it.' Sumit Guha, Rutgers University.

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Karori

Karori/ Croories:

Karoor means one one million in Hindi (ten times ten lakhs.) "The Emperor Akbar 'thinking like a state" (James Scott)  tried to divide his dominions into units paying exactly 10 million copper coins ('daam') each. The experiment failed with some of the officials failing to collect that amount despite being imprisoned and beaten to encourage them to do so. The term continued to be used for a minor tac officer and became a honorific name among the business community. E.g. "Kirori Mal" who endowed a College of the same name in Delhi." Sumit Guha, Rutgers University

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Umra

Umra
Umra is a plural amir. He could be a chief or a noble.

It is Mughal Persian term. The term has found reference in many East India Documents.

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Special Note: Umrah also means a pilgrimage to Mecca performed Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year.

In case of definition, here it is taken as Persian Term used as an administrative title during the Mughal period of history in India.  

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Digital Sources:

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Sawaari

Sawaari:
Sawaari referred to 'pompous ceremonial processions of major or minor potentates, riding in state. There are many paintings from the 18th-19th century depictng these.' The main rider or the potentates was called the Swaari of such an such person.

It is Mughal Persian term. The term has found reference in many East India Documents.

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 Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Digital Sources:

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Vishtivandhakas

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Vishtivandhakas were government servants. The post of Vishtivandhakas is mentioned in the Arthashastra of Kautilya. The officer procured the forced labour of Shudras on crown lands. During the Mauryan times, the forced labour had increased. The forced labour was called Vishti. The Vishti was later called begaar.

The post acquired significance during the Mauryan period because major social changes were taking place. The Brahmans were losing their social importance. Similarly, the Kashtriyas were also changing their profession and adopted other profession like trade. The Vaishyas were rising in social importance. They acquired large lands. They had organized themselves in guilds. They supported Buddhism and Jainism. Kautilya had mentioned several categories of offenders who were mainly from Sudra class. Kautilya had mentioned strict punishment for a Sudra offender if he called himself a Brahmin or raised a voice against the King. It suggests that the Sudras were becoming hostile towards priestly and ruling classes. Hence, with that background, the role of Vishtivandhakas increased in importance.

There was another feature which increased the importance of this post. The Sudras were allotted newly colonized areas. They were made to do Vishti which was supervised by Vishtivandhakas.

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For a related reference Check : Corporate world of India : Jati, Sangha, Gana and Shreni

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Pathar Dabi 1926

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Pathar Dabi 1926
Pathar Dabi is a novel written by Sarat Chandra Chatterji (Devdasa and Parinita). It was published in 1926. It is built around the idea of voilent revolution by urban middle class. It reflects the 20's of twentieth century colonial period India when revolutionary activities had re emerged in form of Hindustan Republic Association.

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Source: Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947, 1990, Mcmillan, Madras. pp 251

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Digital Library Source

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Edit Report

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External Links

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Assam Kesari

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Assam Kesari
Assam Kesari is the title given to the poet Ambikagiri Roychaudhari

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Source:

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Digital Library Source

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Edit Report

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External Links

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