zamin-i paimuda

zamin-i paimuda: It means measured land. It is an account entry in Ain-i Akbari of Abu Fazal. The statistics of zamin-i paimuda are given for the year 1595-96 which was the 40th year of the reign of Akbar. It was further substantiated in the book of Chahar Gulshan of Rai Chaturman in 1759-60. The data about the land measured for ascertaining the revenue of different subas are given in the chapter entitled "Account of the Twelve Provinces". It does not include the data for Bengal, Thatta and Kashmir. 

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Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707.

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Digital source: 

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barq-andaaz

barq-andaaz 'barq-andaaz' - musketeers - barq = lightning; andaakhtan - to throw. Sumit Guha Rutgers University.

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Sarkar

Sarkar:
Sarkar was a territorial division of a Suba or province. A Sarkar was further divided into territorial divisions for the administrative purpose which were called Mahals or Parganas. The Mahals or Parganas consisted of villages which were measured and entered as Chaks.

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Source: Sarkar, Jadu Nath: Mughal Administration.
Irfan Habib: The Agrarian System of Mughal Indian 1556-1707.

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Sarkar - Circar:
Sarkar usually meant 'government'; also used to refer to anyone who was deemed to represent it.' Sumit Guha, Rutgers University.

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Karori

Karori/ Croories:

Karoor means one one million in Hindi (ten times ten lakhs.) "The Emperor Akbar 'thinking like a state" (James Scott)  tried to divide his dominions into units paying exactly 10 million copper coins ('daam') each. The experiment failed with some of the officials failing to collect that amount despite being imprisoned and beaten to encourage them to do so. The term continued to be used for a minor tac officer and became a honorific name among the business community. E.g. "Kirori Mal" who endowed a College of the same name in Delhi." Sumit Guha, Rutgers University

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Umra

Umra
Umra is a plural amir. He could be a chief or a noble.

It is Mughal Persian term. The term has found reference in many East India Documents.

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Special Note: Umrah also means a pilgrimage to Mecca performed Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year.

In case of definition, here it is taken as Persian Term used as an administrative title during the Mughal period of history in India.  

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Digital Sources:

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Sawaari

Sawaari:
Sawaari referred to 'pompous ceremonial processions of major or minor potentates, riding in state. There are many paintings from the 18th-19th century depictng these.' The main rider or the potentates was called the Swaari of such an such person.

It is Mughal Persian term. The term has found reference in many East India Documents.

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 Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Digital Sources:

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Sudharman

Sudharman

Sudharman became the head of the Jain congregation after Mahavira passed away. Most of the teachings of Mahavira has been attributed to the narration given by Sudharman as recorded in Angas He had taught those teaching to his disciple Jambusvamin. Thus many of the Jain canonical texts begins either as 'Thus Jamusavamin' or 'Thus it was heard from Sudharman'. This explanation is the part of the Jain history as told in Shvetambra sect.

Lord Mahavira is said to have eleven principles disciples. They were also called Ganadharas. Nine of the Ganadharas had died during the life of Mahavira. Sudharman and Indrabhuti Gautama survived Mahavira.

The historians generally accepted the Shvetambhara tradition version.

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