| Sr. no | Name of the Doctrine | Name of the Rishi/Apostle |
| 1 | Nayaya:Analysis | Akshapada Gautama |
| 2 | Vaisheshika: Doctrine of Individual Charateristics | Uluka Kanada |
| 3 | Sankhya: The Count | Kapila |
| 4 | Yoga: Now Most popular in West as a school of physical disciplining | Patanjali |
| 5 | Mimansa: Enquiry | Jamini |
| 6 | Vedanta, also Uttara Mimansa | Shankaracharya |
Monday, January 26, 2009
Shadhdarshana or Darshana
The Shadhdarshana means the six Doctrines or the Six systems of Salvation or the Six Schools of Philosophies of Hinduism. They are as follows.
Dus Avataras of Vishnu
The Dus Avataras of Vishnu means the ten incarnations of Vishnus as per Hindu religion mythology. They are given below
| Sr. no. | Hindi Name | Probable English Term |
| 1 | Matsya | The Fish |
| 2 | Kurma | The Tortoise |
| 3 | Varaha | The Boar |
| 4 | Narasimha | The Man Lion |
| 5 | Vaman | The Dwarf |
| 6 | Parasurama | Rama with the Axe |
| 7 | Rama | Raghukul Prince Rama of Ayodhya |
| 8 | Krishna | King Krishna of Dwarka of Vrishni Tribe |
| 9 | Budha | Prince Sidhardha |
| 10 | Kalkin | In incarnation yet to come |
Sunday, January 25, 2009
Vedangas
Vedangas are treatises which form the part of Vedic literature. They are six in number. The etymological meaning of Vedanga means limbs of Vedas. It suggests that they are helpful in understanding the Vedas. It is written by an established scholar that ‘the study of Vedanga was necessary either for the reading, the understanding, or the proper sacrificial employment of the Veda.’ Hence, these six limbs or the six treatise or the six subjects are necessary for fully understanding the Vedas which are Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sam Veda and Atharva Veda.
Further, R. C. Majumdar, specifically emphasis that they should not be taken as mere six books but the six subjects which are to be understood to appreciate the contents of the Vedas. It should be further remembered that they are treatises. It means that they are work of the intellect and memory of human beings. They are product of the use of human faculties.
These six treatises are:
R. C. Majumdar has emphasised that
Therefore, it means that Sikhsha and Chhandas, that are metre and grammar are used for reading the Veda. They are used merely for reading. The Vyakrana and Nirukta, that are grammar and etymology, are used for understanding the Vedas. Finally, Jyotisha and Kalpa, that are astronomy and ceremonial involve the operational aspect, action aspect, the activity aspect of the Vedas.
Source Used: Majumdar, R. C., ‘Ancient History’.
External Links:
Status: Subject to change
Further reading:
It is related to:
It has relevance to:
Further, R. C. Majumdar, specifically emphasis that they should not be taken as mere six books but the six subjects which are to be understood to appreciate the contents of the Vedas. It should be further remembered that they are treatises. It means that they are work of the intellect and memory of human beings. They are product of the use of human faculties.
These six treatises are:
- Sikhsha (pronunciation)
- Chhandas (metre)
- Vyakarana (grammar)
- Nirukta (explanation of words; etymology)
- Jyotisha (astronomy {Kindly note, not the astrology as it is generally believed. That is other thing, that it is latter used for astrology far more than for executing Vedic ceremonies.})
- Kalpa (ceremonial).
R. C. Majumdar has emphasised that
the first two are considered necessary for reading the Veda, the two next for understanding it, and the last two for employing it at sacrifices.
Therefore, it means that Sikhsha and Chhandas, that are metre and grammar are used for reading the Veda. They are used merely for reading. The Vyakrana and Nirukta, that are grammar and etymology, are used for understanding the Vedas. Finally, Jyotisha and Kalpa, that are astronomy and ceremonial involve the operational aspect, action aspect, the activity aspect of the Vedas.
Source Used: Majumdar, R. C., ‘Ancient History’.
External Links:
Status: Subject to change
Further reading:
It is related to:
It has relevance to:
Friday, January 23, 2009
Mahajanapadas (List)
According to Anguttara Nikaya, a Buddhist source, the followings were the sixteen Mahajanapadas.
- Anga
- Magadha
- Kashi
- Kosala
- Vajji
- Malla
- Chedi
- Vatsa
- Kuru
- Panchala
- Matsya
- Sursena
- Assaks
- Avanti
- Gandhara
- Kamboja
According to Bhagwati Sutra, a Jain Source, the followings were the sixteen Mahajanapadas.
- Anga
- Banga (Vanga)
- Magadha
- Malaya
- Malava
- Achchha
- Vachcha
- Kachchha
- Padhan (Pandy) (Vatsa)
- Ladha (Lata)
- Sajji (Vajji)
- Moli (Malla)
- Kasi
- Kosala
- Avaha
- Sambhuttara
Wednesday, January 21, 2009
Sunday, January 11, 2009
Saturday, January 10, 2009
Anglo French Conflict in India
In eighteenth century India, English and French trading companies competed and fought with each other in India for the control over the trade and political power in India. It is generally called the Anglo French Conflict in India.
The conflict between English and French Trading companies went through four phases. In first three phases, the trading companies of France and England fought three wars on the land of India. Those three wars are recorded in Indian history as three Karnataka war or merely Karnataka wars. The first Karnataka War was fought between 1746 and 1748. It ended with Aix-la Chapella treaty which was signed between England and France in 1748 in Europe. The second Karnataka war was fought between 1749 and 1754. It ended in the Treaty of Pondicherry signed in 1754. The third Karnataka war was fought between 1758 and 1763. It ended with the Treaty of Peace of Paris.
In the fourth phase, which extended from 1778 to 1815, the French tried to eliminate the British by helping the native rulers like of Nizam of Hyderabad, Tipu of Mysore and the Maratha Chiefs by training their armies on the European model. The French officers also tried to train the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore.
The above contest or conflict must be understood in context of the European history. Britain and France did not have good relations between them on European continent. However, the European trading companies trading in India being ruled by Mughals, especially the French and British companies, maintained very cordial relations among themselves in India while trading. They readily cooperated and coordinated in their trading activities over the Indian land. However, during Karnataka war, the British and French trading compaies fought when France and Britain fought in Europe. Secondly, all through the period of Karnataka war, though they had actively interfere in Indian and Mughal court politics, they remained under the hollow of the might of the Mughals. It was only after Battle of Buxar, the English Company became confident of itself. By then, it had already beaten the French company in India.
The Karnataka wars established that among the European trading countries in India, England Trading company was supreme.
The conflict between English and French Trading companies went through four phases. In first three phases, the trading companies of France and England fought three wars on the land of India. Those three wars are recorded in Indian history as three Karnataka war or merely Karnataka wars. The first Karnataka War was fought between 1746 and 1748. It ended with Aix-la Chapella treaty which was signed between England and France in 1748 in Europe. The second Karnataka war was fought between 1749 and 1754. It ended in the Treaty of Pondicherry signed in 1754. The third Karnataka war was fought between 1758 and 1763. It ended with the Treaty of Peace of Paris.
In the fourth phase, which extended from 1778 to 1815, the French tried to eliminate the British by helping the native rulers like of Nizam of Hyderabad, Tipu of Mysore and the Maratha Chiefs by training their armies on the European model. The French officers also tried to train the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore.
The above contest or conflict must be understood in context of the European history. Britain and France did not have good relations between them on European continent. However, the European trading companies trading in India being ruled by Mughals, especially the French and British companies, maintained very cordial relations among themselves in India while trading. They readily cooperated and coordinated in their trading activities over the Indian land. However, during Karnataka war, the British and French trading compaies fought when France and Britain fought in Europe. Secondly, all through the period of Karnataka war, though they had actively interfere in Indian and Mughal court politics, they remained under the hollow of the might of the Mughals. It was only after Battle of Buxar, the English Company became confident of itself. By then, it had already beaten the French company in India.
The Karnataka wars established that among the European trading countries in India, England Trading company was supreme.
Editing Chart
Sources
Further links
Sunday, December 14, 2008
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
LATER MUGHALS (CHRONOLOGY)
| Sr.no. | Emperor | Tenure |
| 1 | Bahadur Shah I | 1707-12 |
| 2 | Jahandar Shah I | 1712-1713 |
| 3 | Farukh Siyar | 1713-1719 |
| 4 | Rafi-ud-Darajat | Feburary to June 1719 |
| 5 | Rafi-ud-Daula | June to September 1719 |
| 6 | Muhammad Shah (Rangila-A Gay) | 1719-1748 |
| 7 | Ahmad Shah | 1748-1754 |
| 8 | Alamgir II | 1754-1759 |
| 9 | Shah Alam | 1759-1806 |
| 10 | Akbar II | 1806-37 |
| 11 | Bahadur Shah II | 1837-1857(died in Rangoon in 1862) |
Sunday, November 16, 2008
The Regulating Act 1773
The Regulating Act was passed by Lord North’s Government in 1773. It was designed to remove the evils inherent in the Company’s constitution and to give an orderly and efficient government to its territories in India. This object of the Act was made explicit by Lord North (Prime Minister of Great Britain during the period when American War of Independence took place),[1] himself in these significant words: “Every article in it is framed with a view to the placing the affairs of the Company on a solid, clear and decisive establishment.” The Act also provided the basis of the Anglo-Indian Constitution.
The Bill for this act was introduced by Lord North on May 18, 1773. It is therefore also called Lord North’s Bill. Lord North ‘emphasised the need of placing the Company’s affairs on a solid, clear and decisive establishment.’ It is important to note that before this Bill, by an act of 1767 of the British Parliament, the Company had committed to pay £ 400000 to the Exchequer of British Government for ‘for the privilege of retaining its territorial and revenues’ in India.
However, the Bill received strong opposition from different quarters. Mr. Edmun Burke considered the bill as an undue Parliamentary intervention against the spirit of the laws, linter ties and constitution of British nation. ‘He denounced the Bill as an infringement of national right, national faith and national justice.’ The directors of East India also feared the motives of the Bill. They straightaway accused that it was an attempt of Lord North to annihilate the company and finally transfer of its ownership to the Crown. “The city of London also protested against it on the ground that the privileges of the city of London enjoyed stand on the same security as those of the East Indian Company.’ However, the bill was passed and called the Regulating Act of 1773. Another act was also passed along with Regulating Act under which, £ 1400000 at the rate of 4% was released to the East India Company to it relieve it of its financial difficulties.
The Regulating Act was a very long document. It remodelled the Company’s constitution as it existed in working in London and also introduced important changes in the government of its Indian possession.
The Bill for this act was introduced by Lord North on May 18, 1773. It is therefore also called Lord North’s Bill. Lord North ‘emphasised the need of placing the Company’s affairs on a solid, clear and decisive establishment.’ It is important to note that before this Bill, by an act of 1767 of the British Parliament, the Company had committed to pay £ 400000 to the Exchequer of British Government for ‘for the privilege of retaining its territorial and revenues’ in India.
However, the Bill received strong opposition from different quarters. Mr. Edmun Burke considered the bill as an undue Parliamentary intervention against the spirit of the laws, linter ties and constitution of British nation. ‘He denounced the Bill as an infringement of national right, national faith and national justice.’ The directors of East India also feared the motives of the Bill. They straightaway accused that it was an attempt of Lord North to annihilate the company and finally transfer of its ownership to the Crown. “The city of London also protested against it on the ground that the privileges of the city of London enjoyed stand on the same security as those of the East Indian Company.’ However, the bill was passed and called the Regulating Act of 1773. Another act was also passed along with Regulating Act under which, £ 1400000 at the rate of 4% was released to the East India Company to it relieve it of its financial difficulties.
The Regulating Act was a very long document. It remodelled the Company’s constitution as it existed in working in London and also introduced important changes in the government of its Indian possession.
Sources: Sikri S. L., A Constitutional History of India, S. Nagina & Company, Jullundhar, 1966.
External Links:
Lord North (Wikipedia, for Photograph also)
Friday, November 7, 2008
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