Chuar Rebellion

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Chuar Rebellion was a civil rebellion. It was spread over numerous districts of Bengal and Bihar. It was participated by displaced peasants and demobilized soldiers of Bengal Nawab. It continued from 1766 to 1772 and again from 1795 to 1816.

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Simon Fraser

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Simon Fraser (Must Read the note below within this section): He was the political agent residing at Delhi where the pensioner Padshah Bhadur Shah II was living. He was killed somewhere after May 11, 1857 by the sepoys who had come from Meerut and the people who had gathered around those sepoys.


Note: Simon Fraser here is about a person who was in India in 1857. There are a number of persons by the same name associated with histories of different regions, nations and times. Use discretion while picking reference from here. It is valid only in case of Indian History, Colonial period.

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Remarks: Subject to change at any time.

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Sultana Turkman Katun

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Sultana Turkman Katun was the chief wife of Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish of Delhi Sultanate. Sultan Razia bint al Sultan was born to her from Iltutmish. Razia was nominated as successor by Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish. Razia was sidelined by the nobles on the demise of Itutmish. Razia managed to establish her claim by her strong will power and character. Sultana Turkman Katun and Razia lived in the royal place Kushk-Firozi.

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Shah Turkhan

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Shah Turkan
Shah Turkan was one of the wives of Shamsuddin Iltutmish, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate. She was actually a maid servant in the royal house and later raised to the status of a queen. Ruknuddin Firoze was her son. Iltutmish wished to appoint his son Nasiruddin Mahmud as his successor, but he died a premature death. He was capable of succeeding him. Anyhow, Iltutmish then nominated Razia, his daughter from his wife Turkman Khatun which is authoritatively known through Minhajus Siraj, the author of Tabaqat i Nasiri. However, on the death of Iltutmish, the Chalgani Shamshi nobles and Shah Turkan conspired and raised Ruknuddin Firoze on the throne in April 1236. From then onwards, it is alleged, Shah Turkan secretly murdered many ladies in the harem. The privy purses of many other ladies had been stopped. Even an attempt was made to administer poison to Razia. Within next seven months, Ruknuddin Firoze and Shah Turkan became very unpopular whereas Razia was highly popular among nobles and especially among the citizens of Delhi. On November 19, 1236, Ruknuddin Firoze was put to death on the orders of Razia. Shah Turkhan was also killed probably at the behest of the Sultan Razia bint Sultan

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Vadamyuta

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Vadamyuta was the older name of modern Badaun. It was a centre of a principality established by Gopala, a Rahstrakuta king, in the vicinity of Kanauj.

Gopala was earlier ruling at Kanauj, the actual centre of power of Bharata before Delhi became the new centre of power which was declared by Tomar king Anang Paul when he gave his throne to his maternal grand son Prithvi Raj III Chauhan.

Gopal, the Rashtrakuta King of Kanauj was defeated by the Mahmud, around 80's of eleventh century the governor of Punjab. The Punjab was a part of Ghazni under Sultan of Ghazni at that time since the days of the attack of Mahmud of Ghazni from 999 CE to 1027 CE.

Near about 1090, Gopala was defeated by Chandradeva, a gahadavala rajput who established the Gahadvala dynasty at Kanauj. After the defeat, Gopala established his rule at Vadamyuta. His descendents continued to live as the feudatory of Gahadavala dynasty of Kanauj. Finally, in 1202, Qutubudin Aibek, the slave and governor of Muhammad Ghori, defeated Lakhanpal, the last Rashtrakuta king of Vadamyuta and deputed his own slave Shamsudin, his son in law and later Sultan Shamsudin Iltutmish, as governor of Vadamyuta which was then named as Badaun. Shamsudin became the first Muslim governor of Badaun in this manner.

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Authority Referred: J. L. Mehta, The Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India.

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Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: 1000-1526 A.D.
Medieval Indian Society and Culture (Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Vol. III)

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Iltutmish

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Iltutmish: Iltutmish is a Turkish word which means 'saviour fo the kingdom'. The persian word for it is Altamish or Altamsh. The synonymous words are alamgir or Jahangir.

This word had been used with the name of Shamsuddin who was the real founder of Delhi Sultanate as it was he shifted the capital of his Shamsi rule from Lahore to Delhi. He was slave as well as the son-in-law of Qutubuddin Aibek, the founder of Slave dynasty and slave of Muhammad Ghori.

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Authority Referred: Jaswant Lal Mehta, Advanced Study of in the History of Medieval India.

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Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: 1000-1526 A.D.
Medieval Indian Society and Culture (Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Vol. III)

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Apad Dharma

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Apad Dharma: It means the norms to be followed during the crises in life. The Western scholars has defined it as 'duty when in distress'. These norms and duties are specified in the Samriti literature. Under it, a person belonging to a class is suggested the alternative means of earning livelihood if he is faced with crises in life.

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Remarks: Remark: The social aspects of Indian history or for that matter the whole of Indian history, remains restricted by the frames as envisaged, understood, explained and interpreted by colonial historians started by peculiar chapterization by J Mills history. Different variations in chapterization had taken place but some of the concepts invented and interpreted by colonial historians and then 'minus-religion' history of Marxist historians with their analytic paradigm consolidated them, remained as paranormal edifices of Indian society and guided the perception in modern and post modern academic field. No doubt, one of the shortcoming is the lack of efforts by the Indian scholars to present the history and social reality from Indian centric paradigms.

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Manu Smriti: A Sociological Analysis
Hindu scheme of things: Socio-political analysis of Manu-smriti
Manu-smriti [i.e. Manu-smrti] Notes

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Dvija

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Dvija
Dvija has been translated by the colonial historians as 'twice born'. This is a term which has been used for an Aryan who has undertaken Upnayan Yagna and as a result wears Yagyaupvita. Yagyaupvita is a circular thread or band that covers left shoulder and passes from right side of the body. The material for the thread is different for different people who enters at the stage of Brhamacharya as per norms of his family or the acharya whom he or she joins.

The colonial historians explain it as taking a second birth norm among aryans. The first birth is the natural or biological birth. The second birth is the ceremony which is referred to in the previous paragraph. Such a ceremony is some times also identified with Namkaran/dastar bandi ceremonies in which the name of the child is declared to the clan. It is emphasized here that Namakaran and upnayan yagna are not the same ceremonies but they have similar sanctity.

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Remark: The social aspects of Indian history or for that matter the whole of Indian history, remains restricted by the frames as envisaged, understood, explained and interpreted by colonial historians started by peculiar chapterization by J Mills history. Different variations in chapterization had taken place but some of the concepts invented and interpreted by colonial historians and then 'minus-religion' history of Marxist historians with their analytic paradigm consolidated them, remained as paranormal edifices of Indian society and guided the perception in modern and post modern academic field. No doubt, one of the shortcoming is the lack of efforts by the Indian scholars to present the history and social reality from Indian centric paradigms.

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Satri

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Satri: Satree

Satri was a special cadre of spies found mentioned in Arthshastra. The term is generally translated as a class mate or a colleague.

The members of this cadre were trained since their childhood for the purpose of spying. they were mainly orphans recruited for the job. they moved around as saints or astrologers - the two classes of people in whom the people confide the hidden secrets.

Special Note:
Arthshastra has mentioned nine types of spies among whom Satri is one of them. The others are Kaptaik Chhatra - fraudulent disciple, Udasthitha - a recluse, Grihapatik - a householder, Tikshna - a fire brand, Rasada - a prisoner, Vaidekhaka - a merchant, Tapasa - an ascetic practising austerities and a mendicant women.

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