Main Thinkers of Shad Darshanas

 The Shad Darshanas, also known as the Six Schools of Indian Philosophy, are the traditional classification of the different philosophical schools that emerged in ancient India. Each of these schools offers a distinct perspective on the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate goal of human existence.

Here are the main thinkers associated with each of the six schools:

1. Samkhya: The Samkhya school was founded by Sage Kapila. Its main exponent is Ishvara Krishna.
2. Yoga: The Yoga school was founded by Sage Patanjali. Its main exponent is Vyasa.
3. Nyaya: The Nyaya school was founded by Sage Gautama. Its main exponent is Udayana.
4. Vaisheshika: The Vaisheshika school was founded by Sage Kanada. Its main exponent is Prashastapada.
5. Mimamsa: The Mimamsa school was founded by Sage Jaimini. Its main exponent is Shabara.
6. Vedanta: The Vedanta school has three major sub-schools, each with its own set of thinkers:

• Advaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Advaita Vedanta is Adi Shankaracharya.
• Vishishtadvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is Ramanuja.
• Dvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Dvaita Vedanta is Madhvacharya.

 

Indigo Revolt 1859-1860

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Indigo Revolt 1859-60: Peasant Uprising in post 1857 period.
The main leaders were Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas. It started from Nadia district. The peasants Biswass Brothers of village Govinderpur in Nadia District of erstwhile Bengal province started it. It is being evaluated by historians to have influenced the nationalist intellectuals who were growing in the perception of anti-colonial rule and germinating the national movement. It had just started after the first war of independence or the Uprising of 1857.

The main methodology of protest was social boycott. No doubt, there were incidences of violent attacks which were rather provoked by the Planters.

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Gadkaris Revolt

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Gadkaris Revolt was a civil uprising which took place in 1844 in Maharashtra. It was participated by peasants against the British revenue policy adopted after subduing the Peshwas.

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Ram Ganesh Gadkari (Makers of Indian literature)

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Chuar Rebellion

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Chuar Rebellion was a civil rebellion. It was spread over numerous districts of Bengal and Bihar. It was participated by displaced peasants and demobilized soldiers of Bengal Nawab. It continued from 1766 to 1772 and again from 1795 to 1816.

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Remarks: Subject to change

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Satri

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Satri: Satree

Satri was a special cadre of spies found mentioned in Arthshastra. The term is generally translated as a class mate or a colleague.

The members of this cadre were trained since their childhood for the purpose of spying. they were mainly orphans recruited for the job. they moved around as saints or astrologers - the two classes of people in whom the people confide the hidden secrets.

Special Note:
Arthshastra has mentioned nine types of spies among whom Satri is one of them. The others are Kaptaik Chhatra - fraudulent disciple, Udasthitha - a recluse, Grihapatik - a householder, Tikshna - a fire brand, Rasada - a prisoner, Vaidekhaka - a merchant, Tapasa - an ascetic practising austerities and a mendicant women.

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Rekhta

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Rekhta: Rekhta was language of common man (lingua franca) in Indo-Muslim society in the thirteenth and fourteenth century. It was a mixture of various languages adopted by Lakshkar (army) in its camp (Urdu) and gradually followed by the people in cities (Hindavi or Dehlavi) especially among those who had converted to Islam.

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Authority Referred: J. L. Mehta: Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India; Vol III: Medieval Indian Society and Culture.

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Amira Khusaro ka Hindavi kavya: Springara sangraha ki Barlina prati sahita

Hindavi bhasha aura usaka sahitya: Visesha sandarbha sekha Asarapha ka Nausarahara
A House Divided: The Origin and Development of Hindi/Hindavi

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