Pabna Unrest

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Pabna Unrest:
Pabna Unrest was an agrarian unrest. It started in 1873 and continued upto 1885. It was directed against the oppressive zamindars. The peasants adopted the methodology of resisting the payment of revenue which was over and above the legal limits. The Bengal leaders like Bankim Chandra Chatterjea, R. C. Dutt and Surendranath Banerjea, the young Bengalis who were forming an all India ideology of counter the imperialistic rule of Britain, supported it. The time period of 70s and 80s suggests that the Indians had started evolving an ideology against the oppressive rule. However, in the Pabna Unrest, there was no indication of direct opposition to the British rule. It was not an anti-British war cry. They had rather projected that they supported Her Majesty government.

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Agrarian Unrest in Karnataka
Agrarian Unrest and Socio-Economic Change in Bihar 1900-1980
Agrarian Unrest in North India: United Provinces, 1918-22
Agrarian unrest in Patna: An investigation into recent repression
Agrarian unrest, peasant struggles, and social change: A study of Telangana in A.P
Peasants and princes: Agrarian unrest in the East Punjab states, 1920-48
Political unrest in Orissa in the 19th century: Anti-British, anti-feudal and agrarian risings (Orissan studies project)

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Satri

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Satri: Satree

Satri was a special cadre of spies found mentioned in Arthshastra. The term is generally translated as a class mate or a colleague.

The members of this cadre were trained since their childhood for the purpose of spying. they were mainly orphans recruited for the job. they moved around as saints or astrologers - the two classes of people in whom the people confide the hidden secrets.

Special Note:
Arthshastra has mentioned nine types of spies among whom Satri is one of them. The others are Kaptaik Chhatra - fraudulent disciple, Udasthitha - a recluse, Grihapatik - a householder, Tikshna - a fire brand, Rasada - a prisoner, Vaidekhaka - a merchant, Tapasa - an ascetic practising austerities and a mendicant women.

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Digital Source

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Authority Referred

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Remarks

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Kitab ul Yamini

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Kitab ul Yamini was written by Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbar ul Utbi or simply Utbi. The book is written in Arabic. It gives an account of the rise of Subuktagin to Mahmud as the rulers of Gazni.

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Authority Referred

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Remarks: To be continued

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Umra

Umra
Umra is a plural amir. He could be a chief or a noble.

It is Mughal Persian term. The term has found reference in many East India Documents.

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Special Note: Umrah also means a pilgrimage to Mecca performed Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year.

In case of definition, here it is taken as Persian Term used as an administrative title during the Mughal period of history in India.  

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Acknowledgement and Reference:
The above definition is given by Sumit Guha, Rutgers University in response to a query on H-Asia, an email listing of H-Net available at   http://h-net.msu.edu/~asia/. The above definition was given on March 6, 2010.

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Digital Sources:

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