George Earl of Cumberland

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George of Earl of Cumberland: He was the person received the first charter of East India Company on December 31, 1600. It was given along with him to 215 knights, aldermen and merchants. The charter was given for fifteen years.

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Raikes, Charles, "The Englishman of India", 1867, London

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Hem Chandra Kar

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Hem Chandra Kar, Deputy Magistrate, Indigo Revolt 1859-60

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Chuar Rebellion

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Chuar Rebellion was a civil rebellion. It was spread over numerous districts of Bengal and Bihar. It was participated by displaced peasants and demobilized soldiers of Bengal Nawab. It continued from 1766 to 1772 and again from 1795 to 1816.

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Remarks: Subject to change

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Define Caste

Define Caste
The Sociologists define a caste as follows:
A caste is a hereditary, endogamous, usually localized group, having a traditional association with an occupation and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes. The relations between castes are governed, among other things, by the concepts of pollution and purity, and generally, maximum commensality occurs within the caste.

On spatial level, a caste is usually segmented into several sub-castes and each sub-caste is endogamous. This segmentation is probably the result of a long historical process in which groups continually fissioned off. As a result of this long process of development there has come into existence several cognate groups usually found scattered over a limited geographical region, each of which retains a sense of identity as well as its linkage with other similar groups. Hence, a perception that a caste has its limited social boundaries is limited view meant for a particular time and place only. It, under historic impact, keeps changing the social boundaries and even the spatial spread through the process of historic fission.

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Source:
Srinivas M. N., Caste in Modern India and other essays, 1962, Media Promoters and Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Bombay, pp 2,3. Chapter 1, Introduction.

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Indian Communist Conference-December 1925

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Indian Communist Conference December 1925:
Indian Communist Conference was held in December 1925. According the official view of the Communist Party of India as accepted in 1958, the Conference of 1925 marks the foundation of Communist Party of India.

The Conference was held in Kanpur. It was called after receiving a set back to numerous conspiracy cases like Peshawar Conspiracy Cases, Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy cases against the communism oriented Indians. It was organized by Satyabhakta. Hasrat Mohani, a known poet in pre-independence and and post-independence India was the chariman of the Rception Committee. Singaravely was its President.

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Source: Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947, 1990, Mcmillan, Madras. pp 249

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Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case 1924

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Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case 1924
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case tried the emerging leaders supporting communist ideology. Under this trial, Muzaffar Ahmad, S. A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Nalini Gupta were jailed in May 1924.
During second decade of the twentieth century, the Imperialist British government ruling over India was highly terrified with the idea of spread of communism in India. Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case and Peshwar Conspiracy Case which were five trials were mainly result of that fear factor.

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Source: Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947, 1990, Mcmillan, Madras. pp 249,
Dictionary of History of India

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Modern India: 1885-1947A Critique on Colonial IndiaModern India 1885-1947

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Peshwar Conspiracy Case (1922-1927)

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Peshwar Conspiracy Case (1922-1927)
Peshwar Conspiracy Case was a trial against the muhajirs who had tried to sneak in India from Russia in order to start communist movement in India. There were five cases which continued from 1922 to 1927.

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Source: Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947, 1990, Mcmillan, Madras. pp 249

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Jharia Conference 1921

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Jharia Conference 1921 was a major conference of Labour Movement in India in which there was large scale participation by the Mill workers.

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Sir Cowasji Jehangir

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Sir Cowasji Jehangir

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Singaravelu Chettiar

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Singaravelu Chettiar:
Singaravelu Chettiar was an established senior lawyer in Madras. He discontinued his flourishing practice in response to the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-1921. However, later he turned to Marxism and he is considered to be the first Communist of the country.

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Prabhatkusum Roychoudhari

Prabhatkusum Roychoudhari
Prbhatkusum Roychoudhari was a barrister in Calcutta. He was a pioneer labour leader during the first decade of twentieth century in Bengal Province of British Empire in India.

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C. R. Reddi

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C. R. Reddi

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Indian Independence Committee 1915

Indian Independence Committee 1915
The Indian Independence Committee was formed by Indian revolutionaries who were working for the independence of India from the foreign countries. It was formed in 1915 in Berlin when the World War First was going on. It was formed to make arrangements to help the revolutionaries within India to fight the British administration. It is believed that it was being supported by German foreign office under the ‘Zimmerman Plan’. The leading members of the committee was Viendranath Chattopadhyay (Chatto), Bhupen Dutta, Lala Har Dayal Verma and others. It is more popular as Berlin Committee of Indian Independence in history text books in India.

The historians evaluate the forming of the Indian Independence Committee as one of the two main responses of the Indians patriots. In this case, it was the response of the revolutionaries for whom the starting of World War had given an opportunity to push out Britain out India. The second response was represented by Home Rule Movement, which ultimately favoured helping the British efforts in the world war and then latter use it for negotiation for getting political rights for Indians within India. In case of the activities of the revolutionaries with operational centre in foreign countries, they are generally shown as conspiracies. However, the Indian historians have not gone beyond that. After suggesting that they were part of some conspiracy, they have not taken conspiracy theories thesis to their logical conclusions. No doubt, they can not escape the responsibility of suggesting that though there had been conspiracies yet such acts had also contributed to the Indian freedom struggle. As a result apart from Indian Independence Committee fact, the Ghadrites, the Hindu Conspiracy Case 1918, Provincial Government of Free India at Kabul etc are all treated in that manner.

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Virendranath Chattopadhay

Virendranath Chattopadhay
Virendranath Chattopadhay was an Indian Revolutionary who made Berlin as a base of his activities in 1909. He also published the journal 'Talvar'. He was one of the first lot of Indian communist who became follower of Marxism after the October Revolution of Russia.

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Prafulla Chaki

Prafulla Chaki

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Lal Chand 'Falak'

Lal Chand 'Falak'

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Ananda Charlu

Ananda Charlu

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Bholanath Chandra

Bholanath Chandra

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