Thomas Stevens

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Thomas Stevens: Thomas Stevens was the first Englishman to round the Cape of Good Hope and reached India. He was member of Jesuit mission to Goa. He traveled in a Portuguese ship. He was a native of Wiltshire. He studied in New College, Oxford. He was in India in 1579.

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Source: Raikes, Charles, "The Englishman in India", 1867, London.

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Dwarkanath Tagore

                                                 Dwarkanath Tagore was the founder of illustrious Tagore (Thakur) family of Bengal in India. He was an entrepreneur who dominated the business world of Bengal in 1830s and 1840s in a short span of his life of 53 years. He was born in 1794 and died in 1846. He is credited with introduction of steam engine technology and modern corporate forms in India. He had business interests in coal mining, tea gardens, insurance companies, banking, joint stock companies, silk, indigo, newspapers, landed estates and ocean going ships. In his corporate vision he sought interracial cooperation in business. He also dreamed of an industrialized India to attain a status of equal partner in British commonwealth of nations. The other illustrious sons of this family after him were Debendranath and Rabindranath (Guruji). His decedents now live in Berlin. 

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Photograph Source: UNESCO as accessed on February 13, 2011

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Information Source: Blair B Kling: Partner in Empire.

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Shah Turkhan

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Shah Turkan
Shah Turkan was one of the wives of Shamsuddin Iltutmish, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate. She was actually a maid servant in the royal house and later raised to the status of a queen. Ruknuddin Firoze was her son. Iltutmish wished to appoint his son Nasiruddin Mahmud as his successor, but he died a premature death. He was capable of succeeding him. Anyhow, Iltutmish then nominated Razia, his daughter from his wife Turkman Khatun which is authoritatively known through Minhajus Siraj, the author of Tabaqat i Nasiri. However, on the death of Iltutmish, the Chalgani Shamshi nobles and Shah Turkan conspired and raised Ruknuddin Firoze on the throne in April 1236. From then onwards, it is alleged, Shah Turkan secretly murdered many ladies in the harem. The privy purses of many other ladies had been stopped. Even an attempt was made to administer poison to Razia. Within next seven months, Ruknuddin Firoze and Shah Turkan became very unpopular whereas Razia was highly popular among nobles and especially among the citizens of Delhi. On November 19, 1236, Ruknuddin Firoze was put to death on the orders of Razia. Shah Turkhan was also killed probably at the behest of the Sultan Razia bint Sultan

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Satri

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Satri: Satree

Satri was a special cadre of spies found mentioned in Arthshastra. The term is generally translated as a class mate or a colleague.

The members of this cadre were trained since their childhood for the purpose of spying. they were mainly orphans recruited for the job. they moved around as saints or astrologers - the two classes of people in whom the people confide the hidden secrets.

Special Note:
Arthshastra has mentioned nine types of spies among whom Satri is one of them. The others are Kaptaik Chhatra - fraudulent disciple, Udasthitha - a recluse, Grihapatik - a householder, Tikshna - a fire brand, Rasada - a prisoner, Vaidekhaka - a merchant, Tapasa - an ascetic practising austerities and a mendicant women.

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Tarikh i Firoze Shahi

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Tarik i Firoze Shahi was written by Ziauddin Barani. He is more popular as Barani. The work covers a period from 1259 to 1352. His works begins where Minhaj had ended his work. His work is rated as the finest source of early medieval India. He was contemporary of Amir Khusrau and his associate also.

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The political theory of the Delhi sultanate: Including a translation of Ziauddin Barani's Fatawa-i Jahandari, circa, 1358-9 A.D

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Tabaqat i Nasiri

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Tabaqat i Nasiri was written by Minhaj us Siraj Juzjani. It is the history of Islam in twenty three volumes. The history of Muslim rule in India starting from the description of Ghazni royal dynasties upto Balban and Sultan Nassiruddin and early days of Balban as a sultan is given in dedicated volumes. It contains details about Mongol invaders and their nature. It is written following the craft of history.

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Tabaqat-i Nasiri, ya, tarikh-i Iran va Islam
The History of India As Told By Its Own Historians - The Muhammadan Period - 2 Volumes Consisting of the Ghaznivide, Ghore and Slave Dynasties of 'Ifi, Nizami, Asir, Baizawi & Juwaini and the Ghaznivide, Ghore and Tabakat-i Nasiri of Minhaju-s Siraj

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Tajul Ma' thsir

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Taj ul Ma' athir was written by Tajud Din Hasan Nizami, an official of the court of Qutbuddin Aibek. The author wrote this work on the order of the Sultan Aibek. The significance of this work is that it begins with the Battle of Tarain event. It means, that among Arabic and Persian source, it is the first narrative of history which starts with the beginning of Muslims rule in India. The author has used a mixture of Arabic and Persian language which imparts it a different character. It remained most sought after book during the major period of Muslim period because of the interesting contents and presentation. It describes about many social and cultural aspects of contemporary time. For example, it narrates the feature of a mirror, the game of chess and champad and then numerous fruits which were popular then. The book covered the period of Muslim rule in India from 1191 to 1217. It has not discussed must about Central Asian political events.

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Taj ul ma'athir =: Crown of glorious deeds

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Tarikh i Baihaqi

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Tarikh i Baihaqi was written by Abul Fazl Baihaqi who was an official of the court of Sultan Masud who succeed Sultan Mahmud to the throne of Gazni.

The later court historians (Waqia Navis) of Mughal administration had extensively quoted from the ten volumes written by Baihaqi. Unfortunately, a major part of the whole work is not available now.

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Triratna or Three Jewels of Buddhism

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Triratna or Three Jewels of Buddhism:
The three Jewels of Triratna in Buddhism are three directives which are:

1. Buddham Sharnam Gacchami: I go for refuge to Buddha or I take refuge in Buddha

2. Dharmam Sharnam Gacchami: I go for refuge to Dharma or I take refuge in Dharma

3. Sangham Sharnam Gacchami: I go for refuge to Sangha or I take refuge in Sangha.

It became the core doctrine of Buddhism of the demise of Gautama Buddha.

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