Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence KCB

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Hem Chandra Kar

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Hem Chandra Kar, Deputy Magistrate, Indigo Revolt 1859-60

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Santhal hool

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Santhal hool is translated as Santhal uprising. Santhals are a tribe of Rajmahal hills between Bhagalpur and Rajmahal (falls now in present Jharkhan state of India). It was headed by Sido Murmu (Santhal) and Kanhu Murmu (Santhal). They were able to motivate 60,000 Santhals from nearly 400 villages to stand against the oppressive activities of British officers and their associates in form of zamindars and moneylenders. The uprising took place in 1855 and was suppressed only by 1866. A major massacre took place during this suppression. An officer of Major General was deputed to crush their uprising. According to British officers, the major carnage resulted because of brute and reckless activities of Santhals. Report of Calcutta Review had called them meek and yielding tribe.

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Digital Source: Official Website of Jharkhan State

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Authority Referred: Bipin Chandra and five authors: India's Struggle for Freedom

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Chandra Bipin : India'S Struggle for Independence
The Epic Struggle
Nationality and Empire. A running study of some current Indian problems
The Epic Struggle

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Tajul Ma' thsir

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Taj ul Ma' athir was written by Tajud Din Hasan Nizami, an official of the court of Qutbuddin Aibek. The author wrote this work on the order of the Sultan Aibek. The significance of this work is that it begins with the Battle of Tarain event. It means, that among Arabic and Persian source, it is the first narrative of history which starts with the beginning of Muslims rule in India. The author has used a mixture of Arabic and Persian language which imparts it a different character. It remained most sought after book during the major period of Muslim period because of the interesting contents and presentation. It describes about many social and cultural aspects of contemporary time. For example, it narrates the feature of a mirror, the game of chess and champad and then numerous fruits which were popular then. The book covered the period of Muslim rule in India from 1191 to 1217. It has not discussed must about Central Asian political events.

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Taj ul ma'athir =: Crown of glorious deeds

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Sects of Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle)

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Sects of Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle)

The followings are the sects of Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle) of Buddhism

1. Sthaviravadin (The only surviving sect and popular in Srilanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos)

2. Sarvastivadin

3. Sautrantika

4. Sammitiyas

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Authority Referred: A. L. Basham, Wonder That Was India

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Humanyun Namah

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Humanyun Namah: Gulbadan Begum authored Humanyun Namah.


The manuscript by her is titled "Ahwal Humanyun Padshah Jamakhardah Gulbadan Begum Bint Babar Padhsah Umma Akbar Padshah". A simple English translation of the title is, "the account of the Emperor Humanyun compiled by Gulbadan Begam, a daughter of Padshah Babar and paternal aunt of Padshah Akabr."


In the title, Bint means a daughter and Umma mans paternal aunt of Bhuaa of Akbar Padhshah. Gulbadan Begum was daughter of Babur from Dildar Begum. Humanyun, son of Babur was from Mahim Begum. Hence, Gulbadan Begum was a half sister of Humanyun.


The language of the work is Persian with liberal use of Turkish words. The work is a major source on the actual fratricidal conflict between Humanyun and his brother Kamran.


Akbar had invited Gulbadan Begum to Hindustan in 1557 from Kabul. She remained in Hindustan and died there in 1603. Gulbadan Begum had collected the incidences of the family on the request of Akbar, a task of writing chronicles and history which Akbar had, as a policy, assigned to numerous scholars of his time. However, the contents are of an average literary quality but definitely a major source on the family affairs of Humanyun and his persona.

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Humayun Nama: The History of Humayun

Akbar-Nama: Of Abu-l Fazl

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Tarikh i Rashidi

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Tarikh i Rashidi

Tarikh i Rashidi was an important primary source of Moghul Dynasty (Chagtai Khans as per its author) utpo 1541 CE. It was authored by Mirza Haider Dughlat or simply Mirza Haider. Mirza Haider was a cousin of Babur and raised under the patronage of Babur himself. He was one of the commanders in the Battle of Kanauj in 1541. He had direct access to the Baburnama.

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Digital Source: English Translation of Tarikh I Rashidi by Mirza Haider can be read at The Packard Humanities Institute.

Kindly also check the comment at Sumir-history.

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Hala Satvahana

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Hala Satvahana was a Satvahana ruler. He ruled from 20 AD (CE) to 24 AD (CE).

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Hindustan Socialist Republican Army

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Hindustan Socialist Republican Army:
Hindustan Socialist Republican Army was organized in September 1928. It was formed with the members of Hindustan Republic Association whose members were arrested after Kakori Train holdup in August 1925. It brought the members from different states on one single platform. The new members included the name of Bhagat Singh, Ajoy Ghosh and Chandrashekar Azad.

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Source: Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947, 1990, Mcmillan, Madras. pp 251

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Hindustan Republic Association

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Hindustan Republic Association
Hindustan Republic Association was formed in 1924. It was formed by Sachin Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterji, the Bengalis living in United Province. The association has been made more popular in general text books for Kakori Train hold up in August 1925 which was undertaken to raise funds for the activities of the association.

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Source:
Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947, 1990, Mcmillan, Madras. pp 251

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Padanur Black Hole (Mass Murder)

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Padanur Black Hole (Mass Muder)

During the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920-21, the Moplahs in Malabar region also responded to the call of Gandhi for non-cooperation. The contemporary British government in India tried to suppress the rising with repression. It lead to numerous death. It was then, that 66 asphyxiated bodies of Moplah prisoners were found shut in a railway wagon. Some historians have termed it as Padanur Black Hole equating it to Black Hole Tregady of Fort Williams at Calcutta in 1757 reported by Dr. Holwell wherein 144 British people died when they were put in 18 feet by 14 feet room. In that incidence, it was reported that nearly 38 of them survived.

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Hemchandra Kanungo

Hemchandra Kanugo: He was probably the first revolutionary who went abroad to get military and political training. (Sumit Sarkar) He returned in January 1908 and started a bomb factory in Maniktala near Calcutta. Brindrajumar Ghose was also associated with this activity. It was discovery of this factory which went to make the popular Calcutta Bomb Case.

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