Main Thinkers of Shad Darshanas

 The Shad Darshanas, also known as the Six Schools of Indian Philosophy, are the traditional classification of the different philosophical schools that emerged in ancient India. Each of these schools offers a distinct perspective on the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate goal of human existence.

Here are the main thinkers associated with each of the six schools:

1. Samkhya: The Samkhya school was founded by Sage Kapila. Its main exponent is Ishvara Krishna.
2. Yoga: The Yoga school was founded by Sage Patanjali. Its main exponent is Vyasa.
3. Nyaya: The Nyaya school was founded by Sage Gautama. Its main exponent is Udayana.
4. Vaisheshika: The Vaisheshika school was founded by Sage Kanada. Its main exponent is Prashastapada.
5. Mimamsa: The Mimamsa school was founded by Sage Jaimini. Its main exponent is Shabara.
6. Vedanta: The Vedanta school has three major sub-schools, each with its own set of thinkers:

• Advaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Advaita Vedanta is Adi Shankaracharya.
• Vishishtadvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is Ramanuja.
• Dvaita Vedanta: The main exponent of Dvaita Vedanta is Madhvacharya.

 

Eight types of Marriage as per Manusmriti

As per Manusmriti, there are eight forms of marriage:

1. Brahma Vivah

2. Prajapatya Vivah

3. Daiva Vivah

4. Arasha Vivah

5. Asur Vivah

6. Gandharva  Vivah

7. Rakhshash Vivah

8. Paishacha Vivah

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Sources: Yet to be provided

Note from the editor: The above information is confined to narrating the fact. However, for any further elaboration, the original authorities are required to be quoted. The information as available on the internet may be used but use discretion and selection. A casual attitude towards these issues ends with dissatisfaction and ignominy.

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Kanhu Murmu

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Kanhu Murmu: Santhal Revolt: 1855 to 1866. He was brother of Sido Murmu. They jointly motivated 60000 Santhals against the British Rule whom they called Dihku. Dikhu in their dialect meant the outsider. It were some Dikhus who even helped them like the milk man, black smiths etc. They targeted the British establishment.

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History of Jharkhand: Birsa Munda, History of Ranchi District, Santhal Rebellion, Rajmahal, Ramgarh Raj, Chasnala Mining Disaster
Tribes of West Bengal: Santhal, Santals, Oraon, Rabha, Munda People, Toto Tribe, Lepcha People, Bhutia, Santhal Rebellion, Bhumij

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Sido Murmu

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Sido Murmu: Santhal Revolt of 1855 to 1866. He was brother of Kanhu Murmu. They jointly mobilized 60000 Santhals who fought desperately with bow and arrows. It is recorded in the British annals that Rajmahal Hills were drenched red with the blood of Santhals. They fought to push out the Dikhu and bring back independence under the direction of Thakur (God). Their uprising was called hool in their dialect.

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Tribes of West Bengal: Santhal, Santals, Oraon, Rabha, Munda People, Toto Tribe, Lepcha People, Bhutia, Santhal Rebellion, Bhumij
Santhal Women: A Social Profile

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Mitakshara

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Mitakshara:
It is a law book written by Yogi Vigyaneshwara. According to B. D. Basu, he serves as the principal authority in law even before the codification of Hindu law in Modern period. B. D. Basu argues that he was associated with King Bhoja. However, A. L. Basham had specifically written that he was a jurist at the court of Chalukya King Vikramadity VI (1075-1127). B. D. Basu translated a treatise of Vigyaneshwara for the British government wherein he states that Vigyaneshwara was son of Upadhyaya Bharavaja Padmanabhabhatta.

Anyhow, the present civil law of India and Hindu property law have incorporated the legal theories and interpretations as given in Mitakshara.

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Tabaqat i Nasiri

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Tabaqat i Nasiri was written by Minhaj us Siraj Juzjani. It is the history of Islam in twenty three volumes. The history of Muslim rule in India starting from the description of Ghazni royal dynasties upto Balban and Sultan Nassiruddin and early days of Balban as a sultan is given in dedicated volumes. It contains details about Mongol invaders and their nature. It is written following the craft of history.

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Tabaqat-i Nasiri, ya, tarikh-i Iran va Islam
The History of India As Told By Its Own Historians - The Muhammadan Period - 2 Volumes Consisting of the Ghaznivide, Ghore and Slave Dynasties of 'Ifi, Nizami, Asir, Baizawi & Juwaini and the Ghaznivide, Ghore and Tabakat-i Nasiri of Minhaju-s Siraj

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Tajul Ma' thsir

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Taj ul Ma' athir was written by Tajud Din Hasan Nizami, an official of the court of Qutbuddin Aibek. The author wrote this work on the order of the Sultan Aibek. The significance of this work is that it begins with the Battle of Tarain event. It means, that among Arabic and Persian source, it is the first narrative of history which starts with the beginning of Muslims rule in India. The author has used a mixture of Arabic and Persian language which imparts it a different character. It remained most sought after book during the major period of Muslim period because of the interesting contents and presentation. It describes about many social and cultural aspects of contemporary time. For example, it narrates the feature of a mirror, the game of chess and champad and then numerous fruits which were popular then. The book covered the period of Muslim rule in India from 1191 to 1217. It has not discussed must about Central Asian political events.

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Taj ul ma'athir =: Crown of glorious deeds

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masnavi

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Masnavis

Masnavis are narrative composition in Persian. In India, this form of literature became popular in Deccan where the language used was Urdu.

Some of the historic works are found in form of Masnavis. As an example, the name of Futuhus Salatin by Khwaja Abdullah Malik Isami wherein he wrote the history of Turkish rule in Indian from Ghazni invasion to Muhammad bin Tughluq can be quoted. Another important work in that format is of Shahnama of Firdausi. Similarly there is a title Shahnama i Islam by Hafiz Jullundhari.

Over and above all masnavis of Amir Khusrau like Qiran us Sa'adain, Mitfahul Futuh, Tarikh i Ilahi and Dewal Rani Khizr Khani can be quoted as reference.

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Remark: Masnavis are couplet which are rhymed. They follow the pattern of aa, bb, cc, and the writer may continue to recite couplets and narrate a story. The author of this blog have come across some old people who had received their education in tradition manner before partition who remembered the history of any area in form of couplets. They continue to recite the reign of a king or the significance of different cities in form of highly catching couplets. However, such to references are not found mentioned in any of the work of recent historians. They follow the craft of history as outlined by Western Thinkers. However, this format of history narration is not given any importance. It can be called a failure of Indian Historiography and University based research methods.

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Man Bai

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Man Bai: Shah Begam wife of Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Gazi and mother of Prince Khusrau

Man Bai was daughter of Raja Bhagwan Dass son of Raja Bihari Mal of Amber. Man Bai was married to Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Gazi on February 13, 1585. She was titled Sham Begam after her marriage. Prince Khusrau, the eldest son of Jahangir was born to her. However, the first child of the couple was a daughter named Sultan un Nisa Begum. Shah Begum (Man Bai) committed suicide in 1604 when Khusrau was projected as heir apparent to Akbar and supported by Raja Man Singh, (brother of Shah Begam) and Mirza Aziz Koka, the father in law of Khusrau. The relation between son and father became strained when Prince Khusrau was projected as a candidate for throne after Akbar and became the cause of suicide of Shah Begum (Man Bai).

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Edit Report: 10/05/2015; grammar correction and notations.

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Madhyamika Karika

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Madhyamika Karika was written by Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna was contemporary of Kanishka hence, the work was completed in the first century. It contains the basic philosophy of the Madhyamika (Intermediate) school of philosophy of the Mahayana School of Buddhism. The Mahayana School of Buddhism has two schools of Philosophies, one Madhyamika and other Yogachara.

In Madhyamika Karika, Nagarjuna gives the concept of Sunyata or the emptiness.

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